Abstract: The residual compressive stresses were introduced into the samples of 10NiSCrMoV steel by grinding or impacting on the surface.High-cycle and low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out on the samples with different stress values.The fatigue fractures were analyzed under scanning electron microscope.The surface stresses of the samples after a number cycles of high-strain fatigue loading were tested.The results indicate that the high compressive surface stress can restrain the rising of the fatigue crack on the surface and improve the high-cycle fatigue capacity of 10Ni5CrMoV steel when the stress amplitude is low.The initial compressive surface stress relaxes and cannot restrain the rising of the fatigue crack on the surface and cannot influence the low-cycle fatigue capacity when the strain amplitude is high.